Some building load impact factors are presented in Table 2.3. In practice, impact loads are considered equal to imposed loads that are incremented by some percentage, called the impact factor. Examples of impact loads are loads from moving vehicles, vibrating machinery, or dropped weights. They cause larger stresses in structural members than those produced by gradually applied loads of the same magnitude. Impact loads are sudden or rapid loads applied on a structure over a relatively short period of time compared with other structural loads. During design, member sizes and weight could change, and the process is repeated until a final member size is obtained that could support the member’s weight and the superimposed loads. The determination of the dead load due to structural members is an iterative process. The recommended weight values of some commonly used materials for structural members are presented in Table 2.1. Prior to the analysis and design of structures, members are preliminarily sized based on architectural drawings and other relevant documents, and their weights are determined using the information available in most codes and other civil engineering literature. Dead loads also include the loads of fixtures that are permanently attached to the structure. They include the self-weight of structural members, such as walls, plasters, ceilings, floors, beams, columns, and roofs. \)ĭead loads are structural loads of a constant magnitude over time.
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